ISSN Print 2713-2757    ISSN Online 2713-2765
Extreme Medicine
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL REVIEWED JOURNAL OF FMBA OF RUSSIA

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Original research Assessment of the impact of retrocerebellar cysts in the brain on the cerebrospinal fluid system as a criterion of fitness for flight
Kolomiitsev VG, Gornov SV, Gornov VV, Burova IV, Eselevich RV, Litvinenko EA, Krupa RA, Karpenko DV
Retrocerebellar cysts of the brain represent the aspect that is important for determination of fitness for flight. The study was aimed to assess their impact on the pilot performance by conducting comparative analysis of MRI data of the first-year cadets and experienced pilots. We assessed the prevalence of retrocerebellar cysts among cadets and pilots, conducted non-contrast brain MRI, and compared the major academic and physical performance indicators, along with the results of professional psychological screen. The prevalence of retrocerebellar cysts among first-year cadets was 8.2%. High prevalence of asymptomatic retrocerebellar cysts among experienced pilots was revealed (two cases out of five). The intergroup comparison of indicators makes it possible to draw a conclusion about probable minor impact of such changes on fitness for flight. Further research is required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the impact of retrocerebellar cysts on the pilot performance and develop appropriate guidelines for medical boards.
Received: 2024-02-05
Published online: 2024-03-31
DOI: 10.47183/mes.2024.017
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Original research Impact of persistent cold stress on spectral characteristics of EEG alpha and theta rhythms in military academy cadets
Tolstoguzov SN, Fisher TA, Naida YuV, Lepunova ON
The study was focused on the features of spectral characteristics of the EEG alpha and theta ranges in the military academy cadets undergoing specific training to improve cold resistance (cold exposure training). The study was aimed to assess the impact of the military academy cadets’ incremental exposure to the graduated cold stress (cold exposure training) on spectral characteristics of the EEG alpha and theta rhythms. Students of the civil higher educational institution and military academy cadets were assessed (58 individuals in total). Cadets underwent a specific program focused on improving cold resistance (cold exposure training). Background EEG in the alpha and theta frequency ranges was recorded. Statistical data processing involved nonparametric comparison using the Mann–Whitney U test. The results were obtained suggesting that there were significant differences in spectral characteristics of alpha and theta rhythms between the group of foreign cadets and the controls. The cold exposure training program was effective in the group of Russian cadets, which had an effect on the cerebral homeostasis stability with some degree of instability of neurodynamic processes in the CNS. In foreign cadets, regular cold exposure training resulted in the pronounced disintegration of cortical-subcortical and intracortical interactions, as well as in the formation of binary alpha-theta structure of background EEG.
Received: 2024-02-20
Published online: 2024-03-31
DOI: 10.47183/mes.2024.016
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VIEWS 141
Review Essential tremor: modern view of the problem and new neurosurgical treatment options
Katunina EA, Gryaznev RA, Shipilova NN, Katunin DA, Malykhina EA
The review is focused on essential tremor (ET), the most common extrapyramidal system disorder. Current understanding of the disease pathogenesis is provided; issues of classification and differential diagnosis are discussed. Modern ET treatment methods include therapeutic approaches and surgical interventions. The benefits of the new ET treatment method, the magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound treatment (MRgFUS), are described; the world’s experience of using the method, indications and contraindications are summarized.
Received: 2024-02-28
Published online: 2024-03-31
DOI: 10.47183/mes.2024.015
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VIEWS 172
Original research Results of ultrasound screening for hip dysplasia in infants
Mitryashov KV, Mitryashov IV
Hip dysplasia (HD) represents the congenital underdevelopment of the hip joint (HJ) being the most common orthopedic problem of newborns having the prevalence of 5–20%. Late HD detection is the main cause of coxarthrosis in young adulthood. The study was aimed to assess the results of ultrasound screening for HD in infants. The study involved 860 full-term infants aged 1–3 months (446 boys (51.9%) and 414 girls (48.1%)). All newborns underwent ultrasound imaging of the hip joint at the age of 1 month and the follow-up examination at the age of 3 months (Graf method). The χ2 test and p < 0.05 were used to compare the data. In their first year of life, 685 newborns (79.7%) had joints of normal or transitory shape, 161 (18.7%) showed physiological immaturity and 14 (1.6%) showed the HJ abnormality; the HJ immaturity and abnormality were more prevalent in girls (113 cases (26.3%)) than in boys (62 cases (13.9%)). The relationship between the breech presentation and the likelihood of developing HD was revealed (p < 0.001). Spontaneous improvement by the age of 3 months took place in the majority of infants having the ultrasound signs of HD, the rate of normal HJ increased from 79.8 to 94.5%. Ultrasound screening is an effective method allowing one to detect HD starting from the first days of the child’s life. The risk factors of HD are still female sex and breech presentation, regardless of the number of births. Spontaneous improvement following prescription of relaxing massage occurs in the majority of children.
Received: 2024-02-15
Published online: 2024-03-31
DOI: 10.47183/mes.2024.013
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VIEWS 144
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Review Normal and disease-associated levels of specific IgG against food antigens
Patrakeeva VP, Schtaborov VA, Alesich RS
Tolerance to food antigens is essential for body’s sustainable development under constant antigenic load. Specific IgG against food antigens have been extensively studied in the literature over the recent years. The presence of those associated with various disorders and introduction of elimination diets for certain food products result in good treatment outcomes related not only to the gastrointestinal tract. Investigation of the impact of the long-term IgG-mediated hypersensitivity to food antigens associated with the increased blood-brain barrier permeability is also relevant when studying pathogenesis of the central nervous system disorders. However, identification of specific IgG in the generally healthy people having no history of allergy or inflammation currently provides no clear understanding of their nature and functional significance. Specific IgG are of great interest in terms of predicting the development of functional disorders, remission and treatment of disorders, changes in susceptibility to food antigens at certain age. The results of specific IgG studies are equivocal, which confirms the need to study their structure, epitopes capable of activating autoimmune processes considering the combined effects of medication, environmental conditions and social living conditions. The paper provides the analysis of the currently available research focused on studying specific IgG against food antigens. The data on identification of specific IgG in individuals with various disorders are provided, as well as the gender-related and age-related differences in antibody detection, the relationship between the antibody levels and the rate of food product consumption.
Received: 2023-09-12
Published online: 2023-11-27
DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.049
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VIEWS 474
Original research Assessment of lipid spectrum and C-reactive protein in people working in the Arctic zone of Russia
Narutdinov DA, Rakhmanov RS, Bogomolova ES, Razgulin SA, Potekhina NN
Adaptation to the extreme living conditions of the North causes dyslipidemia, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in people working there. This study aimed to assess the level of lipids and C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation in CVD cases, in the blood of men staying in the Arctic and Subarctic zones of Russia. Accordingly, the sample was divided into two group, Arctic and Subarctic, the former included 51 participants, aged 35.7 ± 0.6 years, the latter — 54 individuals, aged 34.2 ± 0.9 years (p = 0.167); the duration of their work/stay in the Arctic and Subarctic zones was 7.1 ± 0.2 and 6.4 ± 0.6 years (p = 0.447), respectively. We sampled blood of the participants and measured triglycerides, total cholesterol, low (LDL) and high (HDL) density lipoproteins, atherogenic index (AI), CRP content. Arctic group had higher levels of triglycerides (1.71 ± 0.03 and 1.38 ± 0.14 mmol/l, p = 0.021), total cholesterol (6.15 ± 0.08 and 5.47 ± 0.14 mmol/l, p =0.001), HDL (1.5 ± 0.06 and 1.1 ± 0.04 mmol/l, p = 0.001); the values of LDL did not differ significantly between the groups (4.07 ± 0.08 and 4.1 ± 0.15 mmol/l, p = 0.88), and AI and CRP values (3.41 ± 0.18 and 4.18 ± 0.2, p = 0.007; 3.41 ± 0.18 and 4.91 ± 0.22 mg/l, p = 0.006, respectively) were greater in the Subarctic group. By triglycerides, dyslipidemia was diagnosed in 49.0% and 18.4% of Arctic and Subarctic participants, respectively, by total cholesterol — in 98.0% and 57.8%, by LDL — in 94.1% and 88.0%. As for HDL, their level was lower than normal in 2.0% of the Arctic group subjects and 36.7% of the Subarctic group subjects, which means a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases in the Subarctic region. The level of CRP indicated that 90% of the Arctic group participants were at risk of CVD (moderate risk for 23.5%, high risk for 66.7%), and in the Subarctic group this number was 100% (moderate risk for 7.7%, high risk for 88.5%). The likely reasons behind this are the specifics of nutrition and living conditions. Program of prevention of CVD in the Arctic zone should include lipid profile and CRP tests as part of every periodic medical examination, regardless of age. It is necessary to implement dyslipidemia alimentary correction measures.
Received: 2023-09-09
Published online: 2023-11-24
DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.048
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VIEWS 471
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