Malignant neoplasms occupy a leading place among non-communicable diseases based on the number of patients and mortality rate. There are several fundamental approaches to cancer therapy, however, none of them are universal or show a high level of clinical response. Furthermore, all the approaches are characterized by a large number of adverse side effects. Today, immunotherapy used alone or in combination with other therapies is considered to be the most promising. Immunotherapy is usually the use of specific antibodies (immune checkpoint inhibitors) or special bioproducts, such as dendritic cells and artificially synthesized peptides, such as neoantigens . The review considers strategies for development of the dendritic cell- and neoantigen-based anticancer vaccines, the possibilities of their improvement and the efficacy of combining with other anticancer drugs. The summary of current clinical trials of the dendritic cell and neoantigen  vaccines is provided along with a brief analysis of the basic strategies, achievements and challenges faced by the developers of such vaccines.