Extreme Medicine

ISSN Print 2713-2757 ISSN Online 2713-2765

Extreme Medicine

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL REVIEWED JOURNAL OF FMBA OF RUSSIA

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Pavlova AA, Klyuchnikov SO, Tarasova MS, Feshchenko VS, Zholinsky AV, Parastaev SA

Metabolic syndrome is one of the pre-nosological conditions that implies strain on several systems of the body and disruption of all types of metabolism. The key components of the syndrome are visceral obesity, peripheral tissue insulin resistance, arterial hypertension and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There is a number of diseases associated with the syndrome, which makes diagnosing its preclinical manifestations important. Overweight and obesity only continue spreading; moreover, these conditions are registered in people of increasingly younger age. Metabolic syndrome in childhood increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Top tier athletes are no exception. Some sports and playing roles promote body weight growth. A young athlete may have specific constitutional features, and, without proper control, motivating such athletes to grow muscles means they also grow fat. The recommendation is to pay special attention to children under the age of 11 that play rugby, American football as line men, in heavy weight categories. Application of the latest diagnostic criteria with their actualization on a regular basis, as well as search for additional markers and parameters identifiable in laboratory settings, would ensure adjustment of the athlete's condition in a timely manner.

Received: 2023-04-05

Published online: 2023-06-09

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.014

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VIEWS 14

Dolgushin MB, Rostovtseva TM, Duyunova AV, Nadelyaev RV, Beregov MM

The surgical treatment outcome in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy directly depends on the epileptic focus localization accuracy. Conventional diagnostic algorithms for patients with epilepsy involve starting with video EEG monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging. It is not possible to localize epileptogenic foci with the use of these techniques in a large segment of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy, or the test results are discordant. The review provides the analysis of literature data on the current possibilities of SPECT, PET and new hybrid PET-MRI technique when used for preoperative planning in patients with refractory epilepsy.

Received: 2023-03-31

Published online: 2023-06-01

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.013

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VIEWS 55

Zemlyannikov ID, Tsaregorodtsev AV, Nguyen HN, Ferzalieva ZR, Drozhdina AA

Primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an isolated genetic heart disease characterized by thickening of the myocardium in the absence of an apparent hemodynamic cause. There are two patterns of the obstruction: static, with a muscle band narrowing the outflow tract of the left ventricle, and dynamic, which implies elongation of the anterior mitral valve leaflet. The key to correct treatment of the condition is understanding of the mechanism behind the obstruction. Myectomy is the gold standard of invasive treatment of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; it aims to remove the static component of the obstruction. Another common adidition is the mitral valve surgery, aimed at elimination of the obstruction's dynamic component. This article presents a successful mini-invasive transmitral myectomy and mitral valve replacement in a case of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with a damaged mitral valve.

Received: 2023-03-05

Published online: 2023-05-22

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.012

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VIEWS 83

Zorina VN, Evdokimova EA, Rejnyuk VL

Homeostasis of metals plays an important role in functioning of the body. Not only the concentrations of toxic and essential metals in bodily fluids, but also their ability of interaction with proteins and enzymes defining the enzyme activity, are important. The study was aimed to compare the possibilities of binding interactions between various metal ions and human serum proteins. Chemical reactions between the immobilized metal ions (Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Hg+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, Co2+, Ag+, Bi2+, Ba2+, Sr2+) and the serum proteins or highly purified blood metalloprotein (alpha-2-macroglobulin, α2M) were assessed by the crossed immunoelectrophoresis with in situ adsorption in the second dimension. It has been shown that Hg+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+ ions more actively interact with metalloproteins (particularly, with α2M) and many other human blood proteins in in vitro reactions than other ions. We have demonstrated that α2M interacts not only with Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions, as earlier reported, but also with Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Pb2+, Sr2, Ag+. Interaction of a number of metal ions, including highly toxic ones, with blood proteins that are not metalloproteins has been revealed. The findings confirm the fundamental possibility of the metal ion imbalance active involvement in metabolic disorders via effects on the body's regulatory and transport proteins, which requires further investigation

Received: 2023-03-16

Published online: 2023-05-18

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.011

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VIEWS 77

Rakhmanov RS, Narutdinov DA, Bogomolova ES, Razgulin SA, Bakhmudov GG, Zaitsev LL

Inadequate ultraviolet insolation is one of the the key prerequisites for the pathogenesis of body's vitamin D insufficiency in the North. The study was aimed to assess the body's vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus sufficiency in the contract servicemen deployed in Arctic. The contract servicemen deployed on the Cape Chelyuskin and Dixon Island were surveyed (n = 51). The serum levels of 25(OH)D, the intermediate of the vitamin D conversion, along with the ionized calcium, total calcium, and inorganic phosphorus levels, were determined in June. Three degrees of the vitamin D sufficiency were revealed in the military, who had been deployed in Arctic for 5.9 ± 0.4 years: deficiency (in 29.4%), insufficiency (in 52.9%), and optimal levels (in 17.7%). However, the optimal levels revealed were close to the lower limit of normal range. Low ionized calcium levels were found in 29.4% of blood samples (15.5 ± 0.6 ng/mL). A total of 70.6% of samples that were within normal range were close to the lower limit of normal range based on Q25 (1.16 mmol/L) and were within the lower half of normal range (1.15–1.35 ng/mL) based on Q75 (1.22 mmol/L). The measured total calcium and inorganic phosphorus levels were close to the lower limits of reference ranges (2.29 ± 0.009 and 0.83 ± 0.006 mmol/L, respectively). In general, the reduced ionized calcium levels associated with vitamin D insufficiency were revealed, which were indicative of impaired calcium metabolism. The vitamin D deficiency results from the total calcium and inorganic phosphorus concentrations that are close to lower limits of reference ranges. Further negative changes in the body's vitamin D, phosphorus and calcium sufficiency should be expected during polar night. The study actualizes the year-round replenishement of the vitamin D and mineral deficiency in the military.

Received: 2023-03-14

Published online: 2023-04-19

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.010

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VIEWS 130

Gulyaev SA, Khanukhova LM, Garmash AA

Curiosity about the activity of neural networks in the human brain results from the search for definition of human self-consciousness as an identifier of human personality. Today, the RS-fMRI technology occupies a leading position among methods used to study this problem. The widespread use of the technology is limited by certain drawbacks. Starting from 2010, there is a growing interest in the possibility of using neurophysiological methods for the diagnosis of the brain's default mode network (DMN) state based on the analysis of EEG microstates. The study was aimed to demonstrate the possibility of recording the activity of brain networks both at rest and under exposure to the stimulus evoking a known response. A total of 42 people underwent assessment in the relaxed wakefulness state with the eyes closed that involved extraction of certain EEG microstate sequences and the EEG inverse problem solution. The data obtained were tested for adequacy via comparison with the results obtained by the preset stimulation of auditory and language function. The conclusion was made about the possibility of assesing the brain's DMN’s activity by combining the analysis of EEG microstates with the EEG inverse problem solution. The proposed technology can be used in both scientific research and clinical practice in the form of new techniques and systems allowing one to determine alterations in neuropsychological processes.

Received: 2023-02-08

Published online: 2023-04-16

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.009

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VIEWS 164

Grishina ZhV, Klyuchnikov SO, Feshchenko VS, Zholinsky AV

The review of the currently existing projects focused on calculating the reference intervals of blood parameters in large samples of children of different gender and age discusses the urgent issues of calculating pediatric reference intervals of biochemical markers, the paper provides comparison of the reference intervals established within the framework of different projects. The limitations, future prospects and harmonization of pediatric reference intervals, including for juvenile athletes, are provided.

Received: 2023-03-02

Published online: 2023-03-26

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.008

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VIEWS 172

Atamanyuk NI, Pryakhin EA, Styazhkina EV, Obvintseva NA, Tryapitsyna GA, Peretykin AA, Andreev SS, Aldibekova AE, Akleyev AV

Assessment of individual responses of cells, tissues and the whole body to radiation exposure is an important challenge for radiobiology and radiation safety. The study was aimed to develop the method for estimation of the human hematopietic stem cell (HSC) individual response in the humanized mouse model. The cord blood or peripheral blood HSCs were administered to the NOD SCID immunodeficient mice. The number of maturing HSCs (CD34+ cells) and mature CD45+ leukocytes was assesed after the acute gamma exposure to the doses of 0.5 Gy, 1 Gy, and 1.5 Gy, along with the HSC share among all CD45low/+ cells within three days (period of maximum mortality) and 14 days (period of active restoration) after exposure. The relationship between the indicato values and the exposure dose was calculated by regression analysis. There was exponential relationship between the human HSC survival rate in humanized mice and the dose on day three after exposure (R2 = 0.93; F = 211; p < 0.01), while the relationship between the number of HSCs and the dose on day 14 after exposure was linear (R2 = 0.65; F = 12.9; p = 0.01). The C14/3 coefficient calculated as a ratio of the HSC share among all human CD45low/+ cells on day 14 after exposure to the same parameter on day three after exposure was proposed as an indicator of HSC mortality and HSC number restoration. C14/3 negatively correlated with the exposure dose (R2 = 0.57; F = 13.3; p = 0.004), it was higher in radioresistant mice and the model of cysteamine-induced radioresistance in humanized mice. The model mice humanized using the peripheral blood HSCs can be used to assess individual HSC response to acute external gamma exposure based on C14/3 and the data on the HSC survival and restoration.

Received: 2023-02-22

Published online: 2023-03-11

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2023.006

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VIEWS 232