REVIEW

Methods for prevention and treatment of convulsive disorders associated with сholinergic convulsant intoxication

About authors

Golikov Scientific and Clinical Center of Toxicology of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

Correspondence should be addressed: Veronika N. Zorina
Bekhtereva, 1, Saint-Petersburg, 192019, Russia; ur.ygolocixot@tevoshcu

About paper

Author contribution: Zorina VN — literature analysis, manuscript writing; Evdokimova EA — compliance check, compilation of reference list; Rejniuk VL — additions and amendments to the manuscript.

Received: 2022-04-21 Accepted: 2022-05-15 Published online: 2022-06-05
|
  1. Razrabotka metodologii diagnostiki i farmakologicheskoj korrekcii posledstvij otravlenij veshchestvami sudorozhnogo dejstviya. Metodicheskie rekomendacii MR FMBA Rossii 12.08-18. M., 2018; 44 p. Russian.
  2. Phillips HN, Tormoehlen L. Toxin-induced seizures. Neurol Clin. 2020; 38 (4): 867–79.
  3. Kucenko SA, editor. Voennaja toksikologija, radiobiologija i medicinskaja zashhita. SPb.: Foliant, 2004; 528 p. Russian.
  4. Alozi M, Rawas-Qalaji M. Treating organophosphates poisoning: management challenges and potential solutions. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2020; 50 (9): 764–79.
  5. Reddy BS, Skaria TG, Polepalli S, Vidyasagar S, Rao M, Kunhikatta V, et al. Factors associated with outcomes in organophosphate and carbamate poisoning: a retrospective study. Toxicol Res. 2020; 36 (3): 257–66.
  6. Gladkih VD, Nazarov VB. Cholinesterase reactivators in the therapy of intoxication with neurotrophic physiologically active substances. Extreme Medicine. 2014; 1 (47): 54–6. Russian.
  7. King AM, Aaron CK. Organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2015; 33 (1): 133–51.
  8. Eddleston M. Novel clinical toxicology and pharmacology of organophosphorus insecticide self-poisoning. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019; 59: 341–60.
  9. Reddy DS. Mechanism-based novel antidotes for organophosphate neurotoxicity. Curr Opin Toxicol. 2019; 14: 35–45.
  10. Araujo Furtado M, Rossetti F, Chanda S, Yourick D. Exposure to nerveagents: from status epilepticus to neuroinflammation, brain damage, neurogenesis and epilepsy. Neurotoxicology. 2012; 33 (6): 1476–90.
  11. Jett DA, Spriggs SM. Translational research on chemical nerve agents. Neurobiol Dis. 2020; 133: 104335.
  12. Williamson J, Singh T, Kapur J. Neurobiology of organophosphateinduced seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2019; 101 (Pt B): 106426.
  13. Newmark J. Therapy for acute nerve agent poisoning: an update. Neurol Clin Pract. 2019; 9 (4): 337–42.
  14. Lamb T, Selvarajah LR, Mohamed F, Jayamanne S, Gawarammana I, Mostafa A, et al. High lethality and minimal variation after acute self-poisoning with carbamate insecticides in Sri Lanka — implications for global suicide prevention. ClinToxicol (Phila). 2016; 54 (8): 624–31.
  15. Wu X, Kuruba R, Reddy DS. Midazolam-resistant seizures and brain injury after acute intoxication of diisopropylfluorophosphate, an organophosphate pesticide and surrogate for nerve agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2018; 367 (2): 302–21.
  16. Imran I, Koch K, Schöfer H, Lau H, Klein J. Effects of three antiseizure drugs on cholinergic and metabolic activity in experimental status epilepticus. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019; 22 (1): 340–51.
  17. Benzodiazepines. LiverTox: clinical and research information on drug-induced liver injury. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Bethesda (MD) [Internet]. 2012. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548298.
  18. Arora N, Dhiman P, Kumar S, Singh G, Monga V. Recent advances in synthesis and medicinal chemistry of benzodiazepines. Bioorg Chem. 2020; 97: 103668.
  19. Morgan JE, Wilson SC, Travis BJ, Bagri KH, Pagarigan KT, Belski HM, et al. Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus in nerve agent-poisoned rats following application of standard clinical treatment guidelines. Front Neurosci. 2021; 15: 732213.
  20. Niquet J, Lumley L, Baldwin R, Rossetti F, Suchomelova L, Naylor D, et al. Rational polytherapy in the treatment of cholinergic seizures. Neurobiol Dis. 2020; 133: 104537.
  21. Amengual-Gual M, Sánchez Fernández I, Wainwright MS. Novel drugs and early polypharmacotherapy in status epilepticus. Seizure. 2019; 68: 79–88.
  22. Myhrer T, Aas P. Choice of approaches in developing novel medical counter measures for nerve agent poisoning. Neurotoxicology. 2014; 44: 27–38.
  23. Vijayaraghavan R. Autoinjector device for rapid administration of drugs and antidotes in emergency situations and in mass casualty management. J Int Med Res. 2020; 48 (5): 300060520926019.
  24. Al-Otaibi F. An overview of structurally diversified anticonvulsant agents. Acta Pharm. 2019; 69 (3): 321–44.
  25. Romoli M, Mazzocchetti P, D'Alonzo R, Siliquini S, Rinaldi VE, Verrotti A, et al. Valproic acid and epilepsy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical evidences. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019; 17 (10): 926–46.
  26. Tasso SM, Moon SCh, Bruno-Blancha LE, Estiu GL. Characterization of the anticonvulsant profile of valpromide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004; 12 (14): 3857–69.
  27. Upmanyu N, Gupta S, Grover J, Mishra P. Synthesis of valproic acid derivatives and their evaluation for anticonvulsant activity. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine. 2008; 7 (1): 1–6. Available from: https://ispub.com/IJAM/7/1/5721.
  28. Haines KM, Matson LM, Dunn EN, Ardinger CE, Stubbs RL, Bibi D, et al. Comparative efficacy of valnoctamide and secbutylpropylacetamide (SPD) in terminating nerve agent-induced seizures in pediatric rats. Epilepsia. 2019; 60 (2): 315–21.
  29. Tsai YH, Lein PJ. Mechanisms of organophosphate neurotoxicity. Curr Opin Toxicol. 2021; 26: 49–60.
  30. Swissa E, Bar-Klein G, Serlin Y, Weissberg I, Kamintsky L, Eisenkraft A, et al. Midazolam and isoflurane combination reduces late brain damage in the paraoxon-induced status epilepticus rat model. Neurotoxicology. 2020; 78: 99–105.
  31. Bailey AM, Baum RA, Horn K, Lewis T, Morizio K, Schultz A, et al. Review of intranasally administered medications for use in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2017; 53 (1): 38–48.
  32. Malygin AS. Research of the antiepyleptic activity of the new amydic derivative valproic acid and 1,3,4-thiadiazole. Medicine. 2019; 3: 37–46. Russian.
  33. White HS, Alex AB, Pollock A, Hen N, Ahmad T, Wilcox KS, et al. A new derivative of valproic acid amide possesses a broadspectrum antiseizure profile and unique activity against status epilepticus and organophosphate neuronal damage. Epilepsia. 2012; 53 (1): 131–46.
  34. Mikko Gynther M, Peura L, Vernerová M, Leppänen J, Kärkkäinen J, Lehtonen M, et al. Amino acid promoieties alter valproic acid pharmacokinetics and enable extended brain exposure. Neurochem Res. 2016; 41: 2797–809.