There is an inextricable link between exploration and development of the Arctic territories and emergence of associated problems of medical and biological nature. It is necessary to design and develop emergency care and prevention drugs and medical devices for use in the Arctic. This review presents an analysis of additional requirements for drugs intended for the Far North and compares methods of modeling extreme conditions in animals. We outline medical and biological problems of the region highlight key areas of Arctic pharmacology: choice of pharmaceutical form, use of cryoprotectants and design of adaptogens. The study mainly revolves around the search for information on modeling extreme environmental factors in animal experiments, as this is a key stage in preclinical studies of drugs for the Arctic medicine. We present the relevant directions of further work promoting the subject: development of the hypoxia and hypothermia assessment criteria, development of modeling methods employing large laboratory animals, improvement of the equipment used.