ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Heart disease in young elite athletes having a history of COVID-19
1 Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Children and Adolescents of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
2 Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
3 Academy of Postgraduate Education, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Children and Adolescents of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
Correspondence should be addressed: Leonid M. Makarov
Moskvorechye, 20, Moscow, 115409, Russia; ur.liam@vorakamdinoel.rd
Funding: the study was supported by grant № 37В/CSM FMBA Rossii/22 of 10.08.2022.
Author contribution: Makarov LM — study concept and design, manuscript writing, conclusions; Komolyatova VN — data analysis by statistical and mathematical methods, literature data acquisition; Kiselyova II — clinical assessment of athletes, literature data acquisition; Besportochny DA — instrumental assessment, working on graphics; Akopyan AG, Dmitrieva AV — instrumental assessment; Aksyonova NV — selection of populations for assessment.
Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Commitee of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (protocol № 217 of 18 April 2022) and conducted in accordance with the framework legislation "On Protection of Public Health"; the informed consent to examination was submitted by all participants.
- Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, et al. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation. 2020; 141: 1648–55.
- Brito D, Meester S, Yanamala N, Patel HB, Balcik BJ, CasaclangVerzosa G, et al. High prevalence of pericardial involvement in college student athletes recovering from COVID-19. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021; 14: 541–55.
- Clark DE, Parikh A, Dendy JM, Diamond AB, George-Durrett K, Fish FA, et al. COVID-19 myocardial pathology evaluation in athletes with cardiac magnetic resonance (COMPETE CMR). Circulation. 2021; 143: 609–12.
- Rajpal S, Tong MS, Borchers J, Zareba KM, Obarski TP, Simonetti OP, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance findings in competitive athletes recovering from COVID-19 infection. JAMA cardiology. 2021; 6: 116–8.
- Starekova J, Bluemke DA, Bradham WS, Eckhartd LL, Grist TM, Kusmirek JE, et al. Evaluation for myocarditis in competitive student athletes recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. JAMA Cardiology. 2021; 6 (8): 945–50.
- Puntmann VO, Carerj ML, Wieters I, Fahim M, Arendt C, Hoffmann J, et al. Outcomes of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients recently recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19). JAMA Cardiology. 2020; 5: 1265–73.
- Makarov L. Sudden cardiac death in young athletes. In: P. Magnusson, J.A. LeQuang, editors. Sudden Cardiac Death. IntechOpen (London, UK). 2020; 51–62. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90627.
- Harmon KG, Asif IM, Maleszewski JJ, Owens DS, Prutkin JM, Salerno JC, et al. Incidence, cause, and comparative frequency of sudden cardiac death in national collegiate athletic association athletes: A decade in review. Circulation. 2015; 132: 10–19.
- Peterson DF, Kucera K, Thomas LC, Maleszewski J, Siebert D, Lopez-Anderson M, et al. Etiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young competitive athletes in the USA: a 4-year prospective study.Br J Sports Med. 2021; 55 (21): 1196–203.
- Moulson N, Petek BJ, Drezner JA, Harmon KG, Kliethermes SA, Patel MR, et al. Outcomes Registry for Cardiac Conditions in Athletes Investigators.SARS-CoV-2 cardiac involvement in young competitive athletes. Circulation. 2021; 144: 256–66.
- Drezner J, Ackerman M, Anderson J, Ashley E, Asplund G, Baggish A, et al. Electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: the 'Seattle criteria'. Br J Sports Med. 2013; 47 (3): 122–4.
- Sharma S, Drezner J, Baggish A, Papadakis M, Wilson M, Prutkin J, et al. International Recommendations for Electrocardiographic Interpretation in Athletes. JACC. 2017; 69 (8): 1057–75.
- Kampmann C, Wiethoff CM, Wenzel A, Stolz G, Betancor M, Wippermann CF, et al. Normal values of M mode echocardiographic measurements of more than 2000 healthy infants and children in central Europe. Heart. 2000; 83 (6): 667–72.
- Makarov LM. ECG v pediatrii. 3-e izdanie. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2013; 696 s. Russian.
- Makarov LM, Komoljatova VN, Kuprijanova OO, Pervova EV, Rjabykina GV, Sobolev AV, i dr. Nacional'nye rossijskie rekomendacii po primeneniju metodiki holterovskogo monitorirovanija v klinicheskoj praktike. Rossijskij kardiologicheskij zhurnal. 2014; (2): 6–71. Russian.
- Makarov L, Komoliatova V. Microvolt T-wave alternans during Holter monitoring in children and adolescents. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2010; 15 (2): 138–44.
- Makarov LM. Holterovskoe monitorirovanie. 4-e izdanie. M.: Medpraktika-M, 2017; 504 s. Russian.
- Gluckman TJ, Bhave NM, Allenet LA, Chung EH, Spatz ES, et al. ACC expert consensus decision pathway on cardiovascular sequelae of COVID-19 in adults: myocarditis and other myocardial involvement, post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and return to play: a report of the American College of Cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022; 79: 1717–56.
- Małek ŁA, Marczak M, Miłosz-Wieczorek B, Konopka M, Braksator W, Drygas W, et al. Cardiac involvement in consecutive elite athletes recovered from Covid-19: a magnetic resonance study. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2021; 53: 1723–9.
- Daher A, Balfanz P, Cornelissen C, et al. Follow up of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease sequelae. Respir Med. 2020; 174: 106197.
- Makarov LM, Komolyatova VN, Aksenova NV. Analiz prichin otvodov ot zanjatij sportom junyh jelitnyh sportsmenov. Ros. vestn. perinatol. i pediatr. 2020; 65: (6): 65–71. Russian.
- Hanneman K, Houbois C, Schoffel A, et al. Combined cardiac fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging assessment of myocardial injury in patients who recently recovered from COVID-19. /JAMA Cardiol. 2022; 7 (3): 298–308.
- Daniels CJ, Rajpal S, Greenshields JT, Rosenthal GL, Chung EH, Terrin M, et al. Prevalence of clinical and subclinical myocarditis in competitive athletes with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection results from the big ten COVID-19 cardiac registry. JAMA Cardiology. 2021; 6 (9): 1078–87.