Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

The specifics of encephalitis after COVID-19

Bobrov MP1, Voitenkov VB1,2, Ekusheva EV1,3, Kiparisova ES1
About authors

1 Postgraduate Education Academy of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia

2 Pediatric Research and Clinical Center of Infectious Diseases, Federal Medical Biological Agency, St. Petersburg, Russia

3 Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia

Correspondence should be addressed: Maxim Pavlovich Bobrov
Volokolamskoye sh., 91, Moscow, 125371, Russia; ur.xobni@4202_vorbob_skam

About paper

Author contribution: Bobrov MP — literature analysis, data collection, manuscript authoring; Voitenkov VB — literature analysis, study planning, data interpretation, manuscript authoring; Ekusheva EV — study planning, collection and analysis of literature; Kiparisova ES — collection and analysis of literature.

Compliance with ethical standards: the submitted article has not been previously published, all borrowings are correct.

Received: 2023-11-03 Accepted: 2023-12-20 Published online: 2023-12-29
|
  1. Ellul M, Solomon T. Acute encephalitis — diagnosis and management. Clin Med (Lond). 2018; 18 (2): 155–9. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.18-2-155. PMID: 29626021. PMCID: PMC6303463.
  2. Kumar R. Understanding and managing acute encephalitis. F1000Res. 2020; 9: F1000 Faculty Rev-60. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20634.1. PMID: 32047620. PMCID: PMC6993835.
  3. Lobzin YuV, Pilipenko VV, Gromyko YuN. Meningity i entsefality. SPb.: Foliant, 2006; 128 p. Russian.
  4. Kulakov DA, Predko VA. Struktura neyroinfektsiy sredi patsientov reanimatsionnogo profilya. Forcipe. 2019; 2 (S1): 473–4. EDN BMWLZN. Russian.
  5. Skripchenko NV, Ivanova GP, Trofimova TN, Murina EA, Skripchenko EYu, Surovtseva AV. Encephalitis in children: Clinical, etiological, and topical characteristics. Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics. 2014; 59 (3): 104–11. Russian.
  6. Costa BKD, Sato DK. Viral encephalitis: a practical review on diagnostic approach and treatment. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020; 96 (1): 12–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2019.07.006. PMID: 31513761. PMCID: PMC9431993.
  7. Nikolskaya MV, Ratenko TA, Golovina NA. Entsefality v strukture zabolevaniy nervnoy sistemy u gospital'nykh patsientov. Vestnik Penzenskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. 2021; 2: 64–8. Russian.
  8. Fominykh VV. Analiz vospalitel'nykh i neyrodegenerativnykh protsessov u patsientov s autoimmunnymi zabolevaniyami tsentral'noy nervnoy sistemy [dissertation]. М., 2019. Russian.
  9. Azizova UM, Bembeeva RTs, Kozyreva AA, Zavadenko NN. AntiNMDA receptor encephalitis. L.O. Badalyan Neurological Journal. 2021; 2 (3): 137–45. DOI: 10.46563/2686-8997-2021-2-3-137-145. EDN JEZLFK. Russian.
  10. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, Armangué T, Glaser C, Iizuka T, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2013; 12 (2): 157–65. DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70310-1.
  11. Sharipova VH, Bakhadirkhanov MM, Kasimova RI. Therapeutic and diagnostic methods and complications of acute viral encephalitis. The Bulletin of Emergency Medicine. 2020; 13 (4): 39–44. EDN ZPHHQM. Russian.
  12. Poponin NM, Bondarenko AL. Tick-borne encephalitis in the Kirov Region: epidemiology, clinical picture and outcomes. Practical Medicine. 2019; 17 (7): 143–8. EDN IAFWNB. Russian.
  13. Di Vito A, Donato A, Bria J, Donato F, Donato G. Encephalitis lethargica. What is still wrong? Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2023; 37: 3946320231154997. DOI: 10.1177/03946320231154997. PMID: 36716496. PMCID: PMC9892526.
  14. Ulukhanova LU, Karnayeva NS, Yaraliev MM, Gadzhimirzaevа AG, Agaevа SG. Clinical case of encephalitis with antibodies to NMDA receptors. Children infections. 2019; 18 (4): 67–9. DOI: 10.22627/2072-8107-2019-18-4-67-69. EDN VXZXWI. Russian.
  15. Sherif ZA, Gomez CR, Connors TJ, Henrich TJ, Reeves WB. RECOVER Mechanistic Pathway Task Force. Pathogenic mechanisms of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Elife. 2023; 12: e86002. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.86002.
  16. Jha NK, Ojha S, Jha SK, Dureja H, Singh SK, Shukla SD, et al. Evidence of Coronavirus (CoV) Pathogenesis and Emerging Pathogen SARS-CoV-2 in the Nervous System: A Review on Neurological Impairments and Manifestations. J Mol Neurosci. 2021; 71(11): 2192–209. DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01767-6. PMID: 33464535. PMCID: PMC7814864.
  17. Shimohata T. Neuro-COVID-19. Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2022; 13 (1): 17–23. DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12676. PMID: 34899999. PMCID: PMC8652810.
  18. Ahmad SJ, Feigen CM, Vazquez JP, Kobets AJ, Altschul DJ. Neurological Sequelae of COVID-19. J Integr Neurosci. 2022; 21 (3): 77. DOI: 10.31083/j.jin2103077.
  19. Maury A, Lyoubi A, Peiffer-Smadja N, de Broucker T, Meppiel E. Neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses: A narrative review for clinicians. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2021; 177 (1–2): 51–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.10.001. PMID: 33446327. PMCID: PMC7832485.
  20. Asiful IM, Cavestro C, Alam SS, Kundu S, Kamal MA, Reza F. Encephalitis in Patients with COVID-19: A Systematic Evidence-Based Analysis. Cells. 2022; 11 (16): 2575. DOI: 10.3390/cells11162575.
  21. Kahwagi J, Diagne R, Fall M, Basse A, Ndiaye M, Diop AG. Post infectious encephalitis at Covid19: About one pediatric observation and review of the literature. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2021; 177 (1–2): 132–4. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2020.09.001. PMID: 32951859. PMCID: PMC7494321.
  22. Varadan B, Shankar A, Rajakumar A, et al. Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in a COVID-19 patient — a case report with literature review. Neuroradiology. 2021; 63: 653–61. DOI: 10.1007/s00234-021-02667-1.
  23. Manzano GS, McEntire CRS, Martinez-Lage M, Mateen FJ, Hutto SK. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Acute Hemorrhagic Leukoencephalitis Following COVID-19: Systematic Review and Meta-synthesis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2021; 8 (6): e1080. DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000001080. PMID: 34452974. PMCID: PMC8404207.
  24. Matthews E, Beckham JD, Piquet AL, et al. HerpesvirusAssociated Encephalitis: an Update. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2022; 9: 92–100. DOI: 10.1007/s40475-022-00255-8.
  25. Dotsenko ML, Dotsenko EA. Aktivatsiya gerpes-virusnoy infektsii kak proyavlenie postkovidnogo sindroma. Retsept. 2023; 26 (3): 350–65. DOI: 10.34883/PI.2023.26.3.005. EDN WASKZO. Russian.
  26. Gupta S, Dutta A, Chakraborty U, Kumar R, Das D, Ray BK. Post-COVID-19 HSV encephalitis: a review. QJM. 2022; 115 (4): 222–7. DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcac060. PMID: 35199176. PMCID: PMC9383498.
  27. Nabizadeh F, Balabandian M, Sodeifian F, Rezaei N, Rostami MR, Naser Moghadasi A. Autoimmune encephalitis associated with COVID-19: A systematic review. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2022; 62: 103795. DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103795. PMID: 35472834. PMCID: PMC8983076.
  28. Ndondo AP, Eley B, Wilmshurst JM, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Giannoccaro MP, Willison HJ, et al. Post-Infectious Autoimmunity in the Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS) Nervous Systems: An African Perspective. Front Immunol. 2022; 13: 833548. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833548. PMID: 35356001. PMCID: PMC8959857.
  29. Abdelhady M, Husain MA, Hawas Y, Elazb MA, Mansour LS, Mohamed M. Encephalitis following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review. Vaccines (Basel). 2023; 11 (3): 576. DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030576. PMID: 36992160. PMCID: PMC10054808.
  30. Mansour K, Chadli Z, Ghachem I, Fredj NB, Romdhane HB, Fadhel NB, et al. Seronegative acute encephalitis following COVID-19 vaccines: a case series of an overlooked diagnosis with literature review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2023; 79 (7): 975–87. DOI: 10.1007/s00228-023-03510-7. PMID: 37231308. PMCID: PMC10212735.
  31. Study of the Immunogenicity, Safety and Tolerability of the Convacell Vaccine. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2023; Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05156723.
  32. Merișescu MM, Luminos ML, Pavelescu C, Jugulete G. Clinical Features and Outcomes of the Association of Co-Infections in Children with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza during the 20222023 Season: A Romanian Perspective. Viruses. 2023; 15 (10): 2035. DOI: 10.3390/v15102035.
  33. Olsen SJ. Decreased influenza activity during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2020; 69: 1305–9. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6937a6.
  34. Merced-Morales A, Daly P, Abd Elal AI, Ajayi N, Annan E, Budd A, et al. Influenza Activity and Composition of the 2022–23 Influenza Vaccine — United States, 2021–22 Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022; 71 (29): 913–9. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7129a1.
  35. Schüz ML, Dallmeyer L, Fragkou PC, Omony J, Krumbein H, Hünerbein BL, et al. Global prevalence of respiratory virus infections in adults and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2023; 137: 16–24. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.001.
  36. Boeva EV, Belyakov NA, Simakina OE, et al. Epidemiology and course of infectious diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Report 2. Interference engaged between SARS-CoV-2 and acute respiratory viral infections. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2022; 12 (6): 1029–39. DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619EAC-1960. Russian.
  37. Vremennye metodicheskie rekomendatsii: profilaktika, diagnostika i lechenie novoy koronavirusnoy infektsii (COVID 19), versiya 18. Moskva. 26.10.2023. Russian.
  38. Nguyen L, Wang C. Anti-NMDA Receptor Autoimmune Encephalitis: Diagnosis and Management Strategies. Int J Gen Med. 2023; 16: 7–2. DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S397429.
  39. Wei ZD, Liang K, Shetty AK. Complications of COVID-19 on the Central Nervous System: Mechanisms and Potential Treatment for Easing Long COVID. Aging Dis. 2023; 14 (5): 1492–510. DOI: 10.14336/AD.2023.0312. PMID: 37163427. PMCID: PMC10529748.
  40. Zvereva EA, Ivanova AG. Kleshhevoj jencefalit. Prichiny, simptomy, Diagnostika. Sredstva profilaktiki i lechenie. Naukosfera. 2021; (1): 28–32. EDN BPCFGB. Russian.