Extreme Medicine

ISSN Print 2713-2757 ISSN Online 2713-2765

Extreme Medicine

SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL REVIEWED JOURNAL OF FMBA OF RUSSIA

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Mikryukova NV, Kalinina NM

In their line of duty, firefighters and rescuers are exposed to a combination of adverse factors, which necessitates monitoring their health. This review covers the most common variants of urticaria associated with high-risk occupations, such as cholinergic urticaria, food-induced anaphylaxis and exercise-induced urticaria, cold and stress-induced urticaria. The analysis includes the relevant research results published up to 2020; the discussion outlines the possible pathogenesis mechanisms of chronic urticaria.

Received: 2021-02-18

Published online: 2021-03-15

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2021.006

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VIEWS 2692

Rodionovskaya SR, Torosian GG, Aksenova NV

This article describes a case of Paget-Schroetter syndrome in a female water polo player. The condition was associated with strenuous exercise. The initial treatment strategy was limited to a 14-day heparin regimen followed by a course of diosmin and sulodexide. The article discusses the high risk of post-thrombotic syndrome in this cohort of patients and the rationale for a surgical intervention.

Received: 2021-01-15

Published online: 2021-03-13

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2021.005

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VIEWS 2245

Zhigarlovskiy BA, Nikityuk NF, Postupailo VB, Goryaev AA, Belov EV, Nosov NYu, Karmishin AM, Kruglov AA, Borisevich IV

COVID-19 belongs to the group of acute respiratory infections and it is often complicated with pneumonia. This study aimed to investigate manifestations of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) epidemic process during the COVID-19 epidemic in the Russian Federation. We analyzed the official statistical data reporting the incidence of CAP in the Russian Federation in 2013–2020 and incidence of COVID-19 as registered in March–July 2020. The mean average annual CAP incidence rate that we calculated and the 2020 CAP incidence prediction allowed assessing the relationship between CAP and COVID-19. It is shown that the long-term dynamics of the incidence of CAP in the Russian Federation is characterized by a pronounced upward trend with an average annual growth rate of 6.4%. The share of adult population among the CAP cases is the largest; on average, it is 64.7% (95% CI [63.1; 66.3]). In 2020, against the background of SARS-CoV-2 circulation, the discrepancy between the actual incidence of CAP and the predicted figures reached and exceeded 558% (in July 2020). As the COVID-19 epidemic developed, the incidence of CAP was registered to increase. There was established a direct and significant correlation between the incidence of CAP and COVID-19 (rxy = 0.932; p <0.01).

Received: 2020-12-22

Published online: 2021-02-16

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2021.004

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VIEWS 2699

Zanyatkin IA, Titova AG, Bayov AV

The diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by the exposure of human epigenome to environmental pollutants are hampered by epigenomic plasticity, instability and nonlinear cumulative effects of existing transcriptional regulatory pathways. DNA methylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation are the best studied epigenetic modifications. There are simple methods for assessing genome-wide DNA methylation; however, it is essential to study the epigenetic landscape in detail in order to uncover the mechanisms underlying pollutant-associated effects on the organism. This prompts researchers to employ whole-genome sequencing and analyze vast arrays of sequencing data that can be compiled into extensive databases of human and animal epigenomes. Drugs developed to counter epigenetic disorders neutralize their symptoms and either affect epigenetic modifications across the entire genome or regulate the activity of enzymes that play a critical role in such disorders. Promise is held by targeted genome editing methods supported by modern technologies that are undergoing preclinical trials. This review discusses the potential of modern science in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by environmental pollutants.

Received: 2020-12-23

Published online: 2021-02-10

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2021.003

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VIEWS 2422

Rakhmanov RS, Bogomolova ES, Narutdinov DA, Badeeva TV

Wind affects functional state and health of human beings. Physical activity mitigates the risk of hypothermia, but not the discomfort felt in cold winds. Moreover, there appears a risk of body cooling and frostbite. This study aimed to assess the risk to health of a human being associated with the wind chill factor index in the various climatic zones of a Russian region. The calculation relied on the mean monthly daily temperature and wind speed values, minimum temperature and maximum wind values registered in the subarctic and continental climate zones during the two climatological normals determination observation periods, 19611990 (second period) and 1991–2020 (third period). In the third period, a significant decrease in wind strength was registered in the subarctic (8 months) and temperate continental (9 months) climates. The mean monthly temperatures increased in April by 3.5 °C (p = 0.006), April–June by 4.05 °C (p = 0.001) and 3.9 °C (p = 0.001). The maximum wind in the subarctic climate did not change, in the temperate continental zone it decreased within 9 months; the minimum temperature increased in 4 and 1 months. In the subarctic zone, the mean temperature and wind values made the ambient conditions uncomfortable for 6 months (versus 7), with one characterized as "extremely cold"; the cold exposure risk decreased during the "very cold" period; in the temperate climate zone, the potentially uncomfortable conditions period lasted for 4 months (versus 6). With wind at the maximum and temperature at the minimum, in the subarctic climate, the weather remained severe for 8 months a year in each of the determination periods ("uncomfortable, chilly" — 2 months, "cold, skin surface hypothermia" — 1 month, "extremely cold, possible hypothermia of the exposed parts of the body in 10 minutes" — 5 months); in the temperate continental climate zone, it was severe for 5 months of each year ("uncomfortable, chilly" — 2 months, "cold, skin surface hypothermia" — 3 month).

Received: 2020-12-23

Published online: 2021-02-01

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2021.002

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VIEWS 2435

Akleyev AV, Azizova TV, Ivanov VK, Karpikova LA, Kiselev SM, Melikhova EM, Romanov SA, Fesenko SV, Shinkarev SM

The 67-th Session of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of the Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) took place in the form of videoconferences during 2-6 November 2020. Within the framework of the meetings of the Working group and subgroups the documents of the following projects were discussed: R.741 «Evaluation of medical exposure to ionizing radiation»; R.742 «Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station: implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 report»; R.743 «Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from lowdose and low dose rate radiation»; R.744 «Evaluation of occupational exposure to ionizing radiation»; R.745 «Second primary cancer after radiotherapy»; R.746 «Epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer»; R.747 «Evaluation of public exposures to ionizing radiation from natural and man-made sources»; Project 67/7 «Implementation of the Committee's strategy to improve collection, analysis and dissemination of data on radiation exposure». The Committee also discussed the future research program (2020–2024); report to the UN General Assembly; public outreach activity including the strategy for the period 2020–2024.

Received: 2020-12-08

Published online: 2021-01-30

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2021.001

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VIEWS 2561

Raskina YuV, Novkunskaya AA, Barchuk AA

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has confronted public health systems and world economies with serious challenges. Faced with the same disease, countries responded to the threat differently depending on their social, demographic and geographic characteristics. Based on the analysis of scientific literature, international guidances and other sources of information about infection prevention and control, this article systematizes knowledge about containment strategies developed before the current pandemic, describes challenges posed by the coronavirus outbreak and highlights solutions. Specifically, the article describes the timing and order of the introduced measures, considerations for lifting the restrictions and the impact of different containment strategies on the spread of the infection, society and economy.

Received: 2020-12-07

Published online: 2020-12-19

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2020.025

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VIEWS 2545

Kochetkov AV, Ponomareva NYu, Kadnikova NG, Mitkovskij VG, Yampolskaya EN, Lazarev VV

This review covers the published papers describing endothelial dysfunction pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms behind the effect of low-level laser therapy on regulation of the said pathogenesis. Herein, we present the current experience of using laser therapy to prevent development of endothelial dysfunction in the context of post-COVID-19 rehabilitation, as well as the accumulated data on the methods of combination of external or intravenous laser blood therapy and influence on the immunocompetent. We provide justification for practicing personalized approach at various stages of post-COVID-19 rehabilitation and treatment. The basis allowing greater efficacy of post-COVID-19 rehabilitation, including protocols making use of laser therapy, is the analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes that determine adaptation processes, peculiarities of the immune response to infectious pathogens, predisposition to the development of respiratory distress syndrome, severe pneumonia, sepsis, multiple organ failure, development of endothelial dysfunction, thrombotic complications, the analysis that allows identification of patients running higher risk of critical conditions.

Received: 2020-11-09

Published online: 2020-12-19

DOI: 10.47183/mes.2020.024

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VIEWS 2807