Funding: this review is part of the applied research study on the Clinical and prognostic significance of neurometabolic cascade for the development of delayed complications of hypoxic and traumatic brain injuries in athletes (Neurocascade-20, ID 76.35.41) conducted by the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation of FMBA under the State Assignment for years 2020–2021.

Author contribution: Klyuchnikov SO searched and analyzed the literature and contributed to writing the manuscript; Feshchenko VS contributed to writing the manuscript and edited the final version; Zholinsky AV edited the final version of the manuscript; Tarasova MS, Slivin AV, Efimov PV searched and analyzed the literature.