Today, medical rehabilitation is undergoing significant transformation. The new system built around the biopsychosocial model includes assessment of physical constraints and rehabilitation diagnosis, determination of rehabilitation potential, formulation of goals and objectives of individual interventions, development of rehabilitation plans, and progress evaluation. All of these rehabilitation components can be implemented using a personalized, problem-oriented, multidisciplinary approach, which is now being actively introduced into clinical practice. The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus infection has demonstrated that medical rehabilitation is crucial for convalescents. However, its principles and techniques have not been fully elaborated yet. This review describes the current state of medical rehabilitation of children with or after infectious diseases and identifies its avenues and prospects.