ISSN Print 2713-2757
ISSN Online 2713-2765
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL REVIEWED JOURNAL OF FMBA OF RUSSIA
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee: Pirogov University.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY).
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Specifics of reaction of human cardiovascular system to immersion in cold water
About authors
1 Saint Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
2 Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St. Petersburg, Russia
3 Federal Research and Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
Correspondence should be addressed: Mkrtych G. Ogannisyan
B. Dorogomilovskaya, 5, Moscow, 121059, Russia; ur.abmftrops@gmnaysinnago
About paper
Funding: the study was conducted as part of discharging work duties at the St. Petersburg State University.
Author contribution: Baranova TI — article conceptualization, authoring, general editing; Rybyakova TV — article conceptualization, general editing; Dmitrieva MO — search for and analysis of sources, statistical data processing; Anisimov DA — search for and analysis of sources, compilation of tables, preparation of figures; Tarasova MS — search for and analysis of sources, article authoring; Ogannisyan MG — selection of approaches to mathematical modeling and their optimization.
Compliance with the ethical standards: the study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (Minutes #40 of March 07, 2012). All subjects were familiarized with the test protocol and signed an agreement to participate therein.
Received: 2023-10-17
Accepted: 2023-11-30
Published online: 2023-12-26
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Fig. 1. Types cardiovascular system's response to immersion of face in water (types of diving reaction): highly reactive (A), reactive (B), areactive (C), paradoxical (D). Down arrow — immersion, up arrow — withdrawal from water
Fig. 2. Changes in the cardiovascular system characteristics during CHT. ECG — electrocardiogram, IRGT — Tishchenko integral rheogram, IRGTd — IRGT pulse ware differential curve, PPG — photoplethysmogram (distal phalanx of the thumb), PPGd — PPG pulse differential wave curve, RPG — shoulder rheoplethysmogram, RPGd — RPG pulse wave differential curve. Vertical lines — beginning and end of the test with face immersion in water
Fig. 3. Dynamics of blood pressure: systolic (SBP) (A), diastolic (DBP) (B), heart rate (HR) (C). Abscissa axis — time, ordinate axis for A and B — mmHg, for C — beats/minute. Down arrow — CHT begins, up arrow — CHT ends
Fig. 4. CHT-triggered changes in systolic blood pressure. Abscissa axis: background — resting state, lying back up; CHT2 — second face immersion test; CHT3 — third face immersion test. Ordinate axis — systolic pressure, mmHg * * — p < 0.01 — significance of differences. Highly reactive type — n = 18; reactive — n = 23; areactive — n = 24; paradoxical — n = 15
Fig. 5. CHT-associated changes in diastolic blood pressure. Second (CHT2) and third (CHT3) immersions. Ordinate axis — diastolic pressure, mmHg. Other indicators as in Fig. 5. * * — p < 0.01. Highly reactive type — n = 18; reactive — n = 23; areactive — n = 24; paradoxical — n = 15
Table 1. Changes in the cardiovascular system characteristics at rest and during simulated diving, men and women (n = 80)
Note: SBP — systolic pressure, DBD — diastolic pressure, ACB photoplethysmogram pulse wave amplitude, VRPV — pulse wave propagation time. * — p < 0.05; * * — p < 0.01 — at comparison of the indicators during CHT and at the initial resting state.
Table 2. Temporal ECG indicators at rest and during CHT, participants of various types of reactivity
Note: reliability of differences between the initial state and during CHT. * — p < 0.05, * * — p < 0.01.
Table 3. Changes in blood pressure levels (mmHg) caused by the 6-week cold-hypoxia training course (n = 40)
Note: °,* — p < 0.05; °° — p < 0.01; * — significance of differences before and after the training course; ° — significance of differences between CHT-associated and initial state indicators.
Table 4. Changes in cardiac conduction before and after swimming (water temperature t = +8 °C)
Note: before — initial state before the swim, after — 30–40 minutes of recovery after the relay swim. * — p < 0.05, Student's t-test used to analyze individual post-swim data against the initial state (ECG recording time — 5 minutes).
Table 5. Changes in cardiac conduction before and after swimming (water temperature t = +17 °C)
Note: before — initial state before the swim, after — 30–40 minutes of recovery after the relay swim. * — p < 0.05; * * — p < 0.01, Student's t-test used to analyze individual post-swim data against the initial state (ECG recording time — 5 minutes).
